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HR Research Paper (HR Research Article) (Research Article) 15 Essay Writing Dr. R. B. Crawford
This article is the copyright of the above author and published by Human Resource & Organisational Development Consultancy (HRODC) In accordance with International Intellectual Property Laws, direct or indirect reference to this and other articles in this site must be acknowledged – the author being cited and HRODC noted as publisher. Research Paper (Research Article) 15 - Outline Only. This Research Paper (Research Article) is Being Developed and is now available free of cost GENERAL YOU NEED TO ENSURE THAT YOU: - WRITE AN INTRODUCTION
- DISCUSS PRELIMINARY ISSUES
- ADDRESS QUESTION DIRECTLY
- SUPPORT ALL CLAIMS
- USE APPROPRIATE ILLUSTRATIONS
- SUMMARISE AND CONCLUDE
-
YOUR INTRODUCTION AN INTRODUCTION: - IS AN INVITATION TO THE READER
- SEEKS TO MOTIVATE THE READER
- PROVIDES INTERESTING PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION ABOUT THE TOPIC OF DISCUSSION
- SETS OUT THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER
AN INTRODUCTION: - SETS SCOPE & LIMITS OF ESSAY
- PROVIDES A JUMPING-OFF OR STARTING POINT FOR THE ESSAY
- SHOULD BE SMOOTH AND EASY TO FOLLOW
DISCUSS PRELIMINARY ISSUES PRELIMINARY ISSUES: - SHOULD RELATE TO THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
- ARE THEORETICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO LATER DISCUSSION
- SHOULD PROVIDE A BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING SUBSEQUENT DISCUSSION
- INCORPORATE RELEVANT DEFINITION
ADDRESSING THE QUESTION Now that you have presented the introduction and discussed the preliminary issues, it is time to address the question. before writing your introduction, you would have carefully analysed what the question requires. Now, give further consideration to whether the topic presents an argument that it requires you to support or asks you to take a stance on an issue. If you are presented with a stance that you need to support, then you have no alternative but to present the type and level of argument that will support it. If, on the other hand, you need to take a stance, then you need to make up your mind as to whether there is an overwhelming argument for one side or the other, then take a stance in the debate. However, you need to appear fair in presenting a view that gives some support for the alternative stance. This means that your argument must be presented in such a way that it is clear that you have considered the alternative view. In the end, you will give justification that the view that you support prevails over its alternative. Whichever the requirement of the topic, present your argument with the necessary support for the stance taken. In other words, provide examples of theory or practice that seek to support each point that you make. However, before doing this, you need to ensure that you have clarified your points as much as possible, using sketches, diagrams and examples - where appropriate. At all times, keep the objectives of your paper, as established in your introduction, in mind. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS There is a clear distinction between summary and conclusions. A summary is a summation of the main issues and points that you have raised throughout the essay. Your conclusions are your final words on the subject. They may be a predictions based on the facts that you have presented. These may be in relation to outlook for the survival of a particular organisation or organisations within a sector - based on your analysis of the prevailing, and predicted chances in, external environment. Another example might relate to a discussion of structural flexibility. With the empirical evidence and subsequent discussion that you have presented, you may conclude as follows: It is incumbent on corporate managers to make a choice between two competing alternatives, the first of which is: employing an organisational structure where the autonomy of workers is preserved, at the risk of the organisation’s inability to respond effectively to external environmental demands. The second is: implementing a structure that limits workers’ freedom, reducing the degree of power equalisation that it permits, but one that supports swift and effective environmental response. This choice will be based on the corporate organisational objectives, from which the measures of effectiveness are derived. PARAGRAPHING
It may appear trivial to stress the importance of paragraphing in enhancing the communication of your ideas, in essays and similar types of writings. However, many potentially brilliant works have been destroyed by ineffective paragraphing. A paragraph is a set of related ideas that are organised in logical sequence. Paragraphs should then be organised in the order that best tells the 'story' that is being presented. As I indicated, above, the main groups of ideas will be preceded by an introduction and preliminary discussions and drawn together by summary and conclusions. What is now an important issue is how to signal that a paragraph has started and ended, Each should be developed and tapered off as smoothly as possible - techniques that can be acquired through the practise and careful analysis of reputable published materials. Visually, we would expect that one of two conventions would be observed to indicate the writer's intention to begin or end a paragraph. The first is indentation of the first line of the new paragraph. This technique is still used in several books but is less popular in journals - the Academy of Management Journal being an example. The second style that is becoming increasingly popular is line spacing, such as that used in this article. This technique is most desirable for work that needs to be assed, reviewed or edited. One major error that is becoming increasingly common is the confusion that several writers (particularly students and delegates) create by leaving spaces between sentences, thereby creating the illusion that they are paragraphs. In fact, with this disjointed style of writing, based on convention, single sentences, as well as sets of two or three, are being presented as paragraphs. Not only is this style of presentation distractive but it also suggests that the author is unable to formulate a cohesive set of ideas.
CITING SOURCES E.G. - A terse definition of organisational structure might therefore be "the way in which work is organised and control exercised" (Salaman, 1979, p.61).
- It can also be described as:
A system of roles, relationships (established or on-going interactions), responsibilities, power, authority, accountability and communication channels.
- "The arrangement (formal system of relationship) which is necessary to pursue goals" (Perrow, 1965). or
- "The metaphor for the power arrangement of an organisation" (Westwood, 1987, p.193).
- According to Blau and Schoenberr (1973, p.19), though:
"....... the power is rooted in the structure of the organisation, no individual has it, and individuals merely make the decisions through which this power is exercised as incumbents of positions in the formal structure".
- Richard Hall (1972, p.53) adopts Blau’s definition that it is: "the distribution along various lines, of people among social position that influence the role relations".
- Mullins (1996) suggests that it enhances the economic and efficient performance of the organisation through equitable resource utilisation and monitoring of organisational activities. He also asserts that it provides a system through which accountability and co-ordination might be promoted.
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES ARE: - THE SOURCES CITED IN THE ESSAY
- BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDE:
- REFERENCES
- OTHER SOURCES CONSULTED BUT NOT USED
- SOURCES THAT ARE USEFUL FOR ADDITIONAL READING
WRITING-UP REFERENCES Two popular referencing conventions are the Harvard, and American Psychological Association (APA) Systems. The main issue is that they are not as 'standard' as one would expect - with wide variations. Below are a few examples, which I will expand when I am able to devote more time to this task. The Harvard System The main variation with the Harvard system is with the letter case of the author's name. For example, while some institutions and journals prefer the authors' names to be in upper case (the more popular preference), others stipulate only the initial letters to be upper case. BOOKS The ordering of the information for books is as follows: Author's Surname (usually capitalised), a comma (,) then initials
Year of publication - sometimes in brackets - then full stop.
Title of book (generally in italics - but can be underlined)
(Edition - sometimes used).
Place of publication - followed by a colon (:)
Name of publisher. e.g.:
SCOTTS, A. M. (2002). Humour in management, Wolverhampton: HRODC Publications.
JOURNAL ARTICLES References for journal articles are slightly different - the name of the journal taking prominence over the title of the article. The following is a suggested format. - McKENNA, S. (1998). ‘Cross-cultural attitudes towards leadership dimensions’ Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, 19 (2): 106-112;
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